The mastery over efficient data structures & algorithms is an important asset to any developer’s toolbelt. Instead of conventional time and space, the EVM uses gas as a metric for computation complexity. It would be wise for developers to familiarize themselves with this new environment, and understand how the gas cost of different EVM operations can affect classic data structures & algorithms.

With proficiency over data structures & algorithms, developers can expect to write gas efficient but readable Solidity, and overall, build better smart contracts.

Content Coverage:
- Data structures like iterable hashtables and linked lists
- Algorithm design for solving problems gas efficiently


Advancing from basic syntax and functions, low-level programming peels open the abstraction provided by Solidity in EVM contract development. Low-level programming heavily involves understanding the EVM model and assembly, which unlocks a multitude of previously unavailable functionality.

Developers adept at low-level programming can leverage on raw assembly to achieve gas optimization to a level Solidity might not be able to offer. Learning about the use of special opcodes and low-level functions also allows developers to later explore advanced design patterns and security comfortably.

Content Coverage:
- Understanding and manipulation of EVM storage, memory and stack.
- Use of inline assembly in Solidity.
- Use of special opcodes such as CREATE2 , CALLDATACOPY and EXTCODEHASH. 

When designing dApps, it is common to rely on external solutions such as off-chain services, on-chain oracles, and cross-chain solutions. It is also standard practice to leverage on developer tools such as debuggers, fuzzing software, and test libraries.

With strong knowledge of tools available in the ecosystem, developers will be empowered to build better applications and fulfill their project’s various needs.

Content Coverage:
- On-chain services like ChainLink VRF and Uniswap oracles
- Off-chain solutions like IPFS
- Cross-chain bridges
- Developer tools like Hardhat and OpenZeppelin


Security is of utmost importance when building in Web3, especially since assets and funds are directly involved. This branch of the tree focuses on the prevalent weaknesses in smart contracts and best security practices. 

Those learned in security will be armed to write safer smart contracts, and protect themselves from malicious actors on the blockchain.

Content Coverage:
- Potential weaknesses in Solidity code
- Best security practices
- Historical hacks and compromises in smart contracts


As contracts become more complex, their attack surface naturally widens. The use of low-level programming and advanced design patterns will potentially introduce more vectors of attack into the smart contract. This branch of the tree centers around these new vectors and measures to prevent or counter them.

Savants of this field will be equipped to build on big projects safely and responsibly. 

Content Coverage:
- Vectors of attack from low-level programming
- Vectors of attack from advanced design patterns
- Historical hacks involving these vectors


In smart contract design, there are high-level patterns that encourage gas efficiency, security, and useability. These highly reusable solutions will be bound to find use in many projects in a developer’s portfolio.

With knowledge of design patterns, developers stand to scale their dApps even further and stand out from the competition.

Content Coverage:
- Design patterns that minimize gas costs (e.g. multicall)
- Design patterns that enhance user experience (e.g. off-chain signatures)
- Design patterns that improve security (e.g. re-entrancy guards)


The most impressive of design patterns require a fair mastery of Solidity and low-level programming. These design patterns generally drastically change the architecture of your dApp to enable features like upgradeability and modularity.

Developers adept in this field will be able to participate in the bigger established projects that frequently employ these patterns.

Content Coverage:
- Patterns that require low-level programming
- Proxy patterns


A century of history can occur within a year in the Web3 space. Especially for new travelers, understanding the past can be challenging. Learn about the historical developments, and the rise and falls of critical movements that have shaped the cryptocurrency world.

It is important to learn from the past. By reading up on history, one can better understand the motivations, failures, and successes of the blockchain movement.

Content Coverage:
- The history of the Web3 movement
- Events that have shaped the blockchain space today


Trustless protocols are built from more primitive building blocks. These can be fundamentals in computing like cryptographic and randomness schemes, or entities specific to the blockchain, like transactions, wallets, and smart contracts.

At times, the understanding of impressive cryptographic systems begins with the details. Studying critical technological primitives, readers stand to better comprehend the protocols that depend on them.

Content Coverage:
- Blockchain preliminaries like UTXOs, accounts, and virtual machines
- Cryptographic schemes like Merkle trees, ECDSA, and ZK-proofs, 
- Computing concepts such as randomness and parallelism


For the online world to collaborate in a trustless manner, there must be rules and directives. In blockchains, these rules take the form of protocols. Different protocols garrison the different attributes of the blockchain, providing critical features like consensus, privacy, and interoperability.

From the study of the myriad of emerging protocols, one can begin to understand the key principles of blockchain technology. Awareness of the differences between protocols will enable a better perspective of the differences between major blockchains in the space as well.

Content Coverage:
- The protocols of different blockchain networks
- The use of protocols to achieve desirable qualities in a decentralized network (consensus, integrity, scalability, etc.)


The use of economic models and incentives to drive healthy ecosystems is a precise science. Step into the different economical mechanics and tokenomics the blockchain world employs to encourage desirable user behavior.

Technology alone is insufficient in developing a successful project. Economics play an indisputable role in bootstrapping a user network and incentivising beneficial activity. Through research on economic models, readers are better equipped to identify or build stronger economies on the blockchain.

Content Coverage:
- Incentive mechanisms employed by different blockchains and their applications
- The notion of tokenomics, along with interesting case-studies
- Economical concepts like fee systems, inflation, and distribution


Blockchains have evolved from a mere payment solution to a whole decentralized web. Today, a diversity of applications revolve around the technology. Through articles, journey across the decentralized realm and learn about the various on-chain applications and off-chain services that depend on, or bolster the blockchain.

Through the investigation of blockchain ecosystems, readers can discover the various exciting projects in Web3 through an unbiased lens.

Content Coverage:
- Applications like DeFi solutions, web services, and the NFT space.
- External infrastructure, communities and tools that supports networks
- Multi-chain ecosystems and the bridging of separate blockchain ecosystems
